Posts

Consciousness and Free Will

There is another video on YouTube entitled: “Free will is scientifically impossible.” My objection to this is: if there were no free will, if we were doomed to be mere spectators of events that unfold deterministically, why do we have consciousness at all? Consciousness must have evolved (or access to consciousness, if, like me, you consider the psyche to be something immaterial). What survival advantage would living beings with consciousness have if they were unable to make decisions?  Claus D. Volko 

What place do humans have in a world with artificial intelligence?

Yuval Noah Harari posed this question in his lecture at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJB7JNWo58w In my opinion, human society is a phenomenon that has developed over thousands of years because humans were not alone and were therefore forced to find an order that enabled them to live together in a regulated manner. It has proven successful for every person to earn their own living and to serve other people as employees. If many people are no longer needed in the work process because artificial intelligence and robots can do what they do at least as well and are also cheaper, humanity will have to find another basis for peaceful coexistence. These are enormous challenges. We really need to think about this. The final word is far from being spoken. There will be various models that will offer themselves as solutions. Perhaps different approaches will prevail in different countries. In any case, we are living in exciting times. Claus D. Volko 

Severe mental disorders, hormones and the immune system: A Review

The following text, generated by ChatGPT, is a structured synthesis of the relationship between severe mental disorders (SMD), hormones, and the immune system , integrating Dr. Uwe Rohr’s work with subsequent and newer research in psychoneuroimmunology and psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology.  1. Core idea in Dr. Uwe Rohr’s research Dr. Uwe Rohr approached severe mental disorders (e.g. major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, PTSD) not primarily as isolated “brain diseases”, but as systemic disorders of stress regulation , involving endocrine and immune dysregulation . 1.1 Stress as the central trigger Building on Selye’s stress concept, Rohr emphasized that chronic or extreme stress is the common denominator in SMD. Stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis , leading to altered ACTH and cortisol signaling . 1.2 Steroidal hormone cascade model Rohr proposed that stress does not only elevate cortisol but distorts the entire steroid hormone cascade...

Toward a Unified Theory of Thinking and Experience

Integrating Cognitive Architecture with Personality Patterns Abstract Most theories of intelligence and personality describe either how humans think or how they differ—but rarely both in a unified framework. This article proposes an integration of a functional cognitive model (Input – Processing – Output) with Jungian and post-Jungian personality theories (including Myers–Briggs and Volko Personality Patterns) into a coherent theory of human thinking and experiencing. The key insight is that cognition and personality operate on different explanatory levels—and only their integration yields a complete picture. 1. The Fragmentation Problem in Theories of Mind Modern psychology suffers from a structural split: Cognitive theories explain mechanisms (memory, reasoning, processing speed) Personality theories explain preferences (styles, attitudes, dispositions) Psychometrics measures fragments of both, often without theoretical unity As a result, we know: how fast ...

Beyond IQ: Why We Should Measure the Intelligence of Expression

Abstract Traditional intelligence testing focuses almost exclusively on internal cognitive processing. Yet in real intellectual life—science, philosophy, leadership, and increasingly artificial intelligence—what ultimately matters is not merely having understanding, but expressing it. This article argues that intelligence assessment systematically neglects output quality and proposes a new complementary construct: the Externalization Quotient (EOQ) . 1. The Hidden Assumption Behind IQ Tests Modern intelligence tests are built on an implicit assumption: Intelligence is something that happens inside the mind. Input (perception, memory) and processing (reasoning, abstraction) are carefully operationalized and measured. Output—language, explanation, communication—is treated as a contaminant variable rather than an object of study. This design choice made sense historically. Psychometrics aimed to be: language-minimal culture-fair objectively scorable Expression, by...

Pathophysiology as the Foundation of Medical Knowledge

Pathophysiology as the Foundation of Medical Knowledge: A Rehabilitation of Theoretical Reasoning in Medicine Claus D. Volko (Independent Scholar, Vienna, Austria) Abstract Pathophysiology, understood as the study of the mechanisms underlying disease, constitutes the true foundation of medical knowledge, yet it is often sidelined in contemporary medical systems in favor of diagnostic routines and evidence-based classification schemes. This essay argues that pathophysiology is more than a subdivision of theoretical medicine: it is the epistemological core of medical reasoning. Pathophysiology is a paradigm of medical thought. It enables an understanding of the dynamic processes that link health and disease, thereby fundamentally differing from diagnostic medicine, which primarily classifies and labels symptoms. Based on an analysis of current structures in teaching and clinical practice, the essay shows that medicine often operates nominalistically: it names disease entities instead of ...

Childfree

I'm 42 years old. Most men my age have children of their own. I don't. For most men, the meaning of life is obvious: they work hard to earn money to support themselves and their children, and in the sparetime they take care of their children. People like me, childfree people, have to determine for themselves what they are striving for. We have more freedom, but potentially also more responsibility for society. If you are childfree yourself, you might be asking yourself whether you've made a mistake. I don't think so. Let me argue: Of course you might have valuable genes and think that it's a pity that you didn't pass them on. But: Humans have thousands of genes. The entire set of these thousands of genes is what makes up an individual. If you have a child, you pass on only half of your genes. Of course that doesn't mean that the child shares only half of his/her genes with you, after all your spouse certainly also shares some genes with you (at least the one...